Miscarriage is a process that protects a woman from an abnormal pregnancy. Mostly, the losses are due to a chromosomal abnormality of the embryo. However, several other factors can also contribute to the continuous failure of pregnancy.

The causes of recurrent miscarriages are –

• Genetics — A genetic abnormality with a developing embryo that affects one or both parents can result in recurrent miscarriages. Usually, it is believed that 50–70% of all early pregnancy losses are caused by defects in the chromosomal makeup of an embryo. These embryos tend to occur more during the oocyte (egg) maturation process and less during sperm mutation.
• There can be a huge possibility that one or both parents may have a chromosomal abnormality, which can result in an embryo with little genetic material. A karyotype analysis can be done to evaluate a couple’s chromosomes. But, there is a very low possibility that parents have an abnormal karyotype.
• Conditions that affect the uterus — The implantation process is hormonally regulated and requires an active interaction between the implanting embryo and lining of a woman’s uterus. The factors that change in this process can result in pregnancy losses.
• Structural problems with a woman’s uterus — There can be anatomical problems such as polyps, fibroids, or congenital disabilities, which can result in miscarriage or pregnancy complications. Several tests like an ultrasound, X-ray can reveal many structural abnormalities of the uterus. Those abnormalities can be rectified through surgery.
• Problems affecting the immune system — It is quite evident that there is a special bond between the uterus and the immune system. Two antibodies cause clotting in early placental circulation — Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC) and Anticardiolipin Antibodies (ACA).
• The testing for LAC and ACA are performed on all recurrent pregnancy loss patients. The treatment involves administering a low dose of aspirin and other anti-clotting medications.
• Environmental Factors — Women who face repeated miscarriages often have doubts about the link between miscarriage and ecological factors. Several environmental factors are harmful such as smoking, caffeine, alcohol use, and exercise. Although some studies suggest that environmental factors may cause sporadic pregnancy loss, it is advised that pregnant women should avoid alcohol and smoking.
• Hormonal Disorder — The diseases that affect the endocrine system are mild and do not increase the chances of a miscarriage. However, certain disorders, such as uncontrolled diabetes or thyroid diseases, can increase the risk of miscarriage.